The Role of the Hypothalamus–Pituitary–Adrenal (HPA) Axis in Test-Induced Anxiety: Assessments, Physiological Responses, and Molecular Details

Test anxiety may be a contributing factor to low-performing examination scores among students. There can numerous physiological responses in the body that lead test anxiety. One is body’s response stress, which activates brain release hormones stimulate central and peripheral nervous responses. The hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis known responder during causing an elevation of cortisol blood, glucocorticoid (GC) hormone affects sympathetic Stressors testing include method information delivered, prior knowledge subject material, emotional state, or how accurately student retain knowledge. A student’s state mind essential cause hyperactivation HPA stress encountered testing, exacerbating levels responsiveness. This review discusses potential involvement on individual’s performance assessment.